Read the text below and answer Questions 8-14.

Adorable Knitwear

Online Customer Reviews

A Mary-Anne

I spent a while thinking about buying this sweater because of the price, but I’m glad I finally did. It’s a long sweater but that’s good as I’m quite tall. I normally find that the sleeves are too short when I try on a top, but not with this one. I tend to take medium but went for large, which was a wise decision as there is plenty of room for a T-shirt underneath when I wear it with jeans.

B Davina

These sweaters are an ideal weight for office wear. The purple one is pretty, though I expected a lighter shade from the picture. I wear a US size 12 / UK 16, and the medium is big enough to fit over a shirt with room to spare. It has long sleeves that I love to roll up at the wrist. I’m now trying to resist the temptation to buy it in grey too.

C Naga

This knitted sweater looks great in the pictures. I ordered the olive green with stripes and, although I wasn’t sure it was going to look right on me, I was pleasantly surprised when I put it on. It’s very soft and I love the long past-the-wrist sleeves too. I opted for the medium, but it was too tight so I exchanged it.

D Libby

This is the third of your sweaters that I’ve bought over the past two years. It’s true to size and perfect for the winter months, though I should add that its loose knit means it’s best to avoid playing with cats or young dogs when you’re wearing it as they could pull threads in the body or sleeves.

E Laura

I couldn’t decide which colour to get so I bought the deep blue and the charcoal grey, with every intention of sending one of them back. That didn’t happen, of course! I would say both colours match the online pictures. I bought size small, and the length is perfect for me, despite the unnecessarily long sleeves! These sweaters are lovely to wear with jeans but also stylish enough to wear to work.

Read the text below and answer Questions 15-21.

How to Become a Great Leader

Stepping into a new management role can be unnerving. Here’s how to inspire your team:

Set the tone of your leadership style from the outset. Be confident, self-assured, and respectful with everyone you meet. Speak as you want to be spoken to, and remember to listen. The first few weeks are when people develop their perceptions of you, so work hard to earn their trust. This will be key to effective change and progress.

Part of a leader’s brief is to set bold goals. They could take years to achieve, but they need to be specific enough that everyone in the organization understands them, buys into them, and is willing to work together to achieve them.

Don’t do everything yourself. Great leaders surround themselves with talented individuals and they should trust them to make things happen. If things need changing, tell people and involve them in making the changes by participating in the design of a new strategy. If the team is too cautious to embrace change, give them one more chance but be clearer about what you want.

Stamp out the ‘them and us’ culture. In many organizations, employees feel distant from senior management. The message must be plain: we all work together, but leaders need to work hard to ensure this filters through to everyone in the organization.

Allow time for innovation. It’s important to give staff time to come up with new ideas and solutions that will fix new problems. However, be clear that a decision is expected; set a time limit and stick to it.

It is likely that the formula that makes the business you are managing successful will have been created many years ago – but it’s important to remember how the business started. Honour those early pioneers and instil a sense of pride across the organization.

Leaders need to accept that some risk may be required if the situation calls for it. Playing it safe is never a good business rule, and leaders must make sure their business stays ahead by being prepared to act quickly.

Show you are passionate and enthusiastic. People spend a large part of their lives working for an organization, and having a leader who is genuinely thrilled about its future is hugely inspiring.

Resigning from a Job in a Professional Manner

When you take the decision to resign and move on to another job, you might really want to dance your way out of the door, or get your own back by criticising your boss to the whole office. But you need to resist these temptations because in future you might find you’re working with your ex-line manager or other colleagues in a different company.

Letting your manager know

Show courtesy by telling your boss first. Request a meeting to say that you’re leaving, following up soon after with an official letter. Before the meeting with your boss, write a list of ongoing tasks along with status updates and suggestions concerning completion. Use the meeting to clarify any other points, such as your notice period and leaving date, and how you will inform others (colleagues or external clients, contacts and suppliers). Ask about a reference too; your employer may only supply the most basic type but your line manager might also give you a more personal one. Making sure you get a good one can make subsequent job hunting less stressful.

Preparation

Work out how you can ensure a smooth transition and minimise disruption to your employer. There may be a range of things you can do to hand over professionally, such as completing projects, working out the priorities with your line manager, and leaving clear documentation for the successor in your post concerning processes or software.

Your letter of resignation

Keep your letter short. You don’t need to give lots of explanations or justification for why you’re leaving. Don’t be tempted to address the failings of the company or your boss, either. Instead, thanking your employer for the job and mentioning what you appreciated about it is a graceful touch. Here’s an idea of what to include:

• First paragraph – the basics:
  Inform the employer that you wish to resign and confirm the agreed final date at work.
• Second paragraph – thank your employer:
  Mention any particular career-building projects you worked on or opportunities to develop skills and contribute to the employer’s goals and successes. You can also mention your appreciation at being able to work in a great team.
• Third paragraph – handover:
  State your willingness to finish existing projects and hand over your work smoothly.

Read the text and answer Questions 28-40.

Emojis

A Language always changes, of course. This is one of the few constants about it. But it’s arguably changing at a faster rate now than at any previous moment in its history. And emojis – the set of picture characters that people use to punctuate their online correspondence – are at the forefront of this frenzy for change.

As a form of global communication, emojis only began their growth in 2011. Four years later, it was estimated that they were being used by over 90 per cent of the online population. In excess of six billion were being sent every day. Their prevalence in the culture was such that Oxford Dictionaries recently chose one as their word of the year. ‘Words of the Year’ are those judged to be reflective of the ‘ethos, mood, or preoccupations of that particular year’. They’re very much of their time. And often, once that time has passed, they fade from people’s consciousness almost as quickly as they arose.

There’s a good chance, then, that the emoji chosen by Oxford Dictionaries – the ‘face with tears of joy’ – will also appear to be dated in a few years. But the reasons for this offer a fascinating insight into the way that society is evolving. The little yellow circle with dots for eyes acts as a surprisingly good lens through which to view the history of human communication, and to predict its future.

B There are two main reasons why language changes. One is to do with the way that language mirrors the changes in how we relate to each other. As an expression of identity, language is adapted by different groups and different generations to reflect their own sense of self. It also needs to constantly assimilate fresh concepts as these evolve.

Words are being created for these reasons all the time. But what’s interesting about emojis is that they’ve contributed to this ever-expanding storehouse in a different way. At this point in our history, the gaps in our vocabulary are being filled not simply by new words, but by an absolutely new system of expression.

C The second major reason that language changes is down to technology – specifically, the ways in which the technologies we use have an effect on the process of communication itself. Both hardware and new technologies result in us subtly changing the way we interact with each other and also altering the shape of the language we use.

Emojis have evolved as a solution to the needs of mobile communication. In particular, they compensate for the way that computer-mediated messaging on smartphones can sometimes tend towards the emotionally empty. Whereas face-to-face, or even voice-to-voice, conversations can express emotional closeness through facial expression or tone of voice, this is easy to miss when messages are rendered in a few short words on a small screen. Emojis are a means of restoring this emotional framing to an interaction – punctuating your message with a smile.

D But unlike almost any other type of language system, emojis have something akin to a built-in obsolescence. Just as smartphones and their operating systems have a frequent refresh rate, emojis also get routine enhancements. The emojis you have on your phone now will undergo subtle redesigns over the course of time, and extra characters will be added. Because of this, their usefulness is artificially limited.

In the context of communication systems, this is something that’s never previously been the case. Twenty years ago, people might have bought a new landline phone when they were tired of the design of their old phone or if they wanted to get one with whatever latest innovation was going around – an inbuilt answering machine, say. But they didn’t have to upgrade the language they were using as well.

Emojis, on the other hand, are a case study of how technology and the human capacity for communication are working together – of how the onward march of technology exists at the intersection of consumerism, innovation and design. Moreover, the fact that they’re at the front line of a relentless wave of technologically driven change in communications practices encourages – if not necessitates – a great amount of creativity in the way they’re used.

E Finally, there’s the way they’ve become implicated in almost all aspects of modern society, from politics and marketing to art and entertainment. Emojis are the subject of musicals and Hollywood films. They’re the inspiration for fashion design, art and architecture. They’re a staple in advertising and commerce. Understanding why they’ve become so popular, and how they work, can not only explain something about the nature of language; it can also help us to understand our relationship with technology, society and ourselves.